Scud (the name used in the Soviet army: R-11 and R-17) is the designation used by NATO for the Soviet short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM), the first copies of which entered the service of the Soviet Army in 1956. The missile - in the Scud-A version - has a range of up to 170 kilometers, a length of 10.6 meters and a diameter of 880 millimeters. Its take-off weight is approximately 5.4 tons. The Scud-A missile (Soviet designation: R-11) was developed using the experience gained by the USSR after taking over the German V-2 missiles at the end of World War II. The outstanding Soviet rocket designer Sergei Korolev was responsible for its development, and work on the new missile began at the turn of 1950 and 1951. The new missile was designed to destroy targets of operational and tactical importance, such as large groups of enemy troops or its permanent command points. The missile could carry both a conventional warhead and a nuclear warhead. The missile was transported on a chassis constructed on the basis of the ISU-152 self-propelled gun (launcher designation: 2P19). In 1962, however, a greatly modernized version of the missile (designations: Scud-B or R-17) was introduced. Which was larger, heavier and had a definitely improved range and accuracy compared to its predecessor. The drive system has also been significantly improved. Initially, the missile also used 2P19 launchers, but over time it was replaced by a circular 9P117 launcher based on the MAZ-543 vehicle. It is worth adding that both Scud-A and Scud-B were widely exported. They also entered the armament of the Warsaw Pact countries, including Poland.
The Zi£-131 is a Soviet / Russian off-road truck, the first prototypes of which appeared in the early 1960s. Serial production lasted from 1966 to 2002 and was concentrated at the Zi³ plant in Moscow.
The Zi£-131 was developed and put into production as a supplement and successor to the Zi£-157 car. Compared to its predecessor, it received primarily an engine generating much greater maximum power (150 HP compared to 109 HP), which translated into significantly better performance and a load capacity, which increased from 4500 kg to 5000 kg. In addition, a fully loaded Model 131 can also tow a 5-tonne trailer. The Zi£-131 has an all-wheel drive (6x6) and is characterized by good off-road ability. However, it is not very economical, because on the road it consumes up to 65 liters of fuel per 100 km, and off-road fuel consumption increases to at least 150 liters per 100 kilometers! Many specialized versions were created on the Zi£-a-131 chassis, such as: a garbage truck, a tanker or a truck tractor. The BM-21 Grad unguided missile launcher is also mounted on this car.